Res. Agr. Eng., 2014, 60(2):50-59 | DOI: 10.17221/78/2012-RAE

Use of waste material mixtures for energy purposes in small combustion devicesOriginal Paper

J. Malaȇk1, J. Bradna2
1 Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2 Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic

The article assesses the energy use of solid biofuels (wheat and rape straw) and their blends with suitable additives (cocoa husks, brown coal and coal sludge). The elemental and stoichiometric analysis evaluates their suitability for energy recovery. Furthermore, thermal emission characteristics in automatic hot water boiler VERNER A251 are observed. The results of thermal emission measurements show that all samples meet the requirements of the Directive No. 13/2006 for carbon monoxide (2,000 mg/m3). The average nitrogen oxides emission concentrations exceed emission limits compared with the Directive No. 13/2006 (250 mg/m3) for all samples of solid biofuels. One reason is the high temperature in the combustion chamber that increases combustion temperature and results in high temperature of nitrogen oxides. Another problem is carbon monoxide that depends on the coefficient of excess air. The value of this coefficient drops under its optimum (2.5) and subsequently follows an increasing trend.

Keywords: biomass; additives; cocoa husks; brown coal; coal sludge; net calorific value; emission

Published: June 30, 2014  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Mala»ák J, Bradna J. Use of waste material mixtures for energy purposes in small combustion devices. Research in Agricultural Engineering. 2014;60(2):50-59. doi: 10.17221/78/2012-RAE.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. ÈSN 07 0240, 1993. Teplovodní a nízkotlaké parní kotle. Základní ustanovení. [Warm water and low-pressure steam boilers. Basic regulations.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    2. ÈSN 12 4070, 1990. Zaøízení odluèovací. Metody mìøení velièin. [Dust collecting equipment. Measuring methods of quantity features.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    3. ÈSN 14961, 2010. Tuhá biopaliva - Specifikace a tøídy paliv. [Solid Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    4. ÈSN 38 5509, 1991. Plynná paliva. Fyzikální konstanty. [Gaseous fuels. Physical constants.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    5. ÈSN 44 1310, 2001. Tuhá paliva - Oznaèování analytických ukazatelù a vzorce pøepoètù výsledkù na rùzné stavy paliva. [Solid fuels - Symbols of analytical parameters and formulae for converting the results of analyses of different states of fuels.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    6. ÈSN EN 14774-3, 2010. Tuhá biopaliva - Stanovení obsahu vody - Metoda su¹ení v su¹árnì - Èást 3: Voda v analytickém vzorku pro obecný rozbor. [Solid biofuels - Determination of moisture content - Oven dry method - Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    7. ÈSN EN 14 918, 2010. Stanovení spalného tepla a výhøevnosti. [Solid biofuels - Determination of calorific value.] Prague, Czech Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.
    8. Directive No. 13, 2006. Smìrnice M®P ÈR s po¾adavky pro propùjèení ochranné známky - Teplovodní kotle pro ústøední vytápìní na spalování biomasy. [Directive of Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic to the requirements for awarding marks - Hot water boilers for central heating systems for biomass.] Prague, Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic.
    9. Directive No. 55, 2008. Smìrnice M®P ÈR s po¾adavky pro propùjèení ochranné známky - Topné pelety z bylinné fytomasy. [Directive of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic to the requirements for awarding marks - Fuel pellets of herbal of phytomass.] Prague, Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic.
    10. Eskilsson D., 2004. Optimisation of efficiency and emissions in pellet burners. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27: 541-546. Go to original source...
    11. Fiedler F., Persson T., 2009. Carbon monoxide emissions of combined pellet and solar heating systems. Applied Energy, 86: 135-143. Go to original source...
    12. Gürdíl G., Mala»ák J., Selví K., Pinar Y., 2009. Biomass utilization for thermal energy. AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 2: 80-85.
    13. Johansson L.S., Leckner B., Gustavsson L., Cooper D., Tullin C., Potter A., 2004. Emission characteristics of modern and old-type residential boilers fired with wood logs and wood pellets. Atmospheric Environment, 38: 4183-4195. Go to original source...
    14. Khor A., Ryu C., Yang Y.B., Sharifi V.N., Swithenbank J., 2007. Straw combustion in a fixed bed combustor. Fuel, 86: 152-160. Go to original source...
    15. Malaȇk J., Passian L., 2011. Heat-emission analysis of small combustion equipments for biomass. Research in Agricultural Engineering, 57: 37-50. Go to original source...
    16. Nordin A., 1994. Chemical elemental characteristics of biomass fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy, 6: 339-347. Go to original source...
    17. Obernberger I., Theka G., 2004. Physical characterisation and chemical composition of densified biomass fuels with regard to their combustion behaviour. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27: 653-669. Go to original source...
    18. Olsson M., Kjällstrand J., 2006. Low emissions from wood burning in an ecolabelled residential boiler. Atmospheric Environment, 6: 1148-1158. Go to original source...
    19. Strehler A., 2000. Technologies of wood combustion. Ecological Engineering. 16: S25-S40. Go to original source...
    20. Wihersaari M., 2005. Greenhouse gas emissions from final harvest fuel chip production in Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 5: 435-443. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0.), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content